Ua like ka ʻono a me ke ʻano o ka margarine me ka pata akā loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole.Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Margarine i mea pani no ka pata.Ma ke kenekulia 19, ua lilo ka pata i mea ʻai maʻamau o ka poʻe i noho ma waho o ka ʻāina, akā he pipiʻi no ka poʻe ʻaʻole.Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Louis Napoleon III, he mōʻī noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo o Farani i waena o ke kenekulia, i ka uku i kēlā me kēia mea hiki ke hana i kahi mea i ʻae ʻia,
ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻomau-Pehea ka hana maʻamau i ka hana ʻana i ka morgarine.Inā hoʻohana ʻia ka waiū e like me ke kumu wai, hoʻohui ʻia me ka paʻakai a me kahi mea emulsifying i loko o kahi keʻena.Hoʻohana ka emulsifier ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili ma waena o ka ʻaila globules a me ka hui ʻana o ka wai, no laila e kōkua maʻalahi iā lākou e hana i nā mea paʻa kemika.ʻO ka hopena he mea ʻaʻole wai piha a paʻa ʻole.
ʻokoʻa kūpono.Ua lanakila ʻo Hippolyte Mege-Mouriez i ka hoʻokūkū o ka makahiki 1869 no ka mea āna i kapa ai i ka margarine ma hope o kāna mea hana mua, ʻo ka waikawa margaric.Ua ʻike koke ʻia ka ʻakika margaric i ka makahiki 1813 e Michael Eugene Chevreul a ua loaʻa kona inoa mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene no nā momi, margarite, no nā kulu waiu a Chevreul i ʻike ai i kāna mea i hana ai.I kēia manawa, hana ʻia ia mai ka ʻaila a i ʻole hui pū ʻana o nā aila ma o ke kaʻina o ka hydro-genation, kahi ʻano i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia a puni ka makahiki 1910. Ke kōkua nei kēia kaʻina hana i nā aila holoholona a i ʻole mea kanu emulsify, a i ʻole ka huli ʻana mai kahi mea wai i loko o kahi momona o ka semi- kūlana paʻa.
I ka US, ʻo ka pata ka mea ʻono i makemake nui ʻia no nā makahiki he nui, a hiki i nā manawa i hala aku nei, ua pilikia ka margarine i kahi kiʻi hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻole.Ua hoʻoikaika maikaʻi ʻia kahi kākela waiu i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e kūʻē i ka margarine, me ka makaʻu i ka hoʻokūkū mai ka ʻoihana margarine.Ma kahi o 1950, ua hoʻopau ka ʻAhaʻōlelo i nā ʻauhau ma luna o nā pani pani pata i hoʻohana ʻia no nā makahiki he nui.ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Margarine Act" i hoʻolaha ʻia no ka wehewehe hope ʻana i ka margarine: "nā mea a pau, hui pū ʻia a me nā mea hoʻohui i like like me ka pata a loaʻa nā momona momona a me nā aila ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka momona waiū inā hana ʻia ma ke ʻano hoʻohālike a i ʻole. ke ʻano o ka pata.ʻO kekahi hapa o ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka margarine i nā meaʻai a nā ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika mai ka ʻai ʻana i ka wā o ke kaua.He ʻuʻuku ka pata, a ʻo ka margarine, a i ʻole ka ʻoleo, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻololi maikaʻi loa.I kēia lā, ʻo ka margarine
Mai ka makahiki 1930, ʻo ka Votator ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o ka margarine US.I loko o ka Votator, hoʻoluʻu ʻia ka emulsion margarine a hoʻoulu ʻia i kekahi manawa e hana i ka margarine semi-solid.
ua lilo i mea hoʻololi kokoke i ka pata a hāʻawi i ka momona a me ka cholesterol ma mua o ka pata ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.
Hana ʻia ʻo Margarine
Hiki ke hana ʻia ka margarine mai nā ʻano momona holoholona like ʻole a ua hana nui ʻia me ka momona pipi a kapa ʻia ʻo oleo-margarine.ʻAʻole like me ka pata, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole, me ka wai.ʻOiai ke ʻano o ke ʻano, akā naʻe, pono ka margarine e hoʻokō i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o ke aupuni no ka mea he meaʻai ia i manaʻo ʻia e ka poʻe loiloi aupuni a me ka poʻe meaʻai meaʻai e huikau maʻalahi me ka pata.Ke kuhikuhi nei kēia mau alakaʻi i ka momona o ka margarine ma kahi o 80%, i loaʻa mai i nā aila holoholona a i ʻole nā mea kanu, a i ʻole he hui ʻana o ia mau mea ʻelua.Ma kahi o 17-18.5% o ka margarine he wai, i loaʻa mai i ka waiū skim pasteurized, ka wai, a i ʻole ka wai protein soybean.Hoʻohui ʻia ka paʻakai ma kahi pākēneka liʻiliʻi (1-3%) no ka ʻono, akā no ka pono o ke olakino meaʻai, hana ʻia kekahi margarine a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka paʻakai ʻole.Pono e loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi he 15,000 mau ʻāpana (mai ka US Pharmacopeia standards) o ka huaora A no ka paona.Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka mālama ʻana i ke ola.
Hoʻomākaukau
1 Ke hōʻea nā mea ʻai i ka hale hana margarine, pono lākou e hana mua i nā ʻano hana hoʻomākaukau.Hoʻohana ʻia ka aila—safflower, kulina, a i ʻole soybean, ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe—me kahi solution soda caustic no ka wehe ʻana i nā mea pono ʻole i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻakika momona manuahi.Holoi ʻia ka ʻaila ma ka hui ʻana me ka wai wela, e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia, a waiho ʻia e maloʻo ma lalo o kahi ʻōpala.A laila, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻaila i kekahi manawa me ka hui ʻana o ka honua bleaching a me ka lanahu i loko o kahi keʻena ʻē aʻe.Hoʻopili ka honua bleaching a me ka lanahu i nā kala i makemake ʻole ʻia, a laila kānana ʻia mai ka ʻaila.ʻO kēlā me kēia wai i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana - ka waiū, ka wai, a i ʻole kahi mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka soy - pono ia e hana i nā hana hoʻomākaukau.Hoʻohana ʻia ka pasteurization no ka wehe ʻana i nā haumia, a inā hoʻohana ʻia ka pauka waiu maloʻo, pono ke nānā ʻia no ka bacteria a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe.
Hydrogenation
2 A laila, hydrogenated ka aila e hōʻoia i ke kūlike kūpono no ka hana ʻana i ka margarine, kahi mokuʻāina i kapa ʻia ʻo "plastic" a i ʻole semi-solid.Ma kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻohui ʻia ke kinoea hydrogen i ka ʻaila ma lalo o nā kūlana kaomi.Noho nā ʻāpana hydrogen me ka ʻaila, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pae wela e hoʻoheheʻe ai a e hoʻoemi i ka ʻaila i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana ma o ka oxidation.
Hoʻohui i nā meaʻai
ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻomau ka hana maʻamau i ka hana ʻana i ka margarine.Inā hoʻohana ʻia ka waiū e like me ke kumu wai, hoʻohui ʻia me ka paʻakai a me kahi mea emulsifying i loko o kahi keʻena.Na ka emulsifying agent e hōʻoia i ke kaʻina hana emulsification—i wehewehe kemika e like me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā globules liʻiliʻi o ka wai hoʻokahi i loko o ka wai lua.Hoʻohana ka emulsifier ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili ma waena o ka ʻaila globules a me ka hui ʻana o ka wai, no laila e kōkua maʻalahi iā lākou e hana i nā mea paʻa kemika.ʻO ka hopena he mea ʻaʻole wai piha a paʻa ʻole akā he hui pū o nā mea ʻelua i kapa ʻia he semi-solid.ʻO Lecithin, kahi momona maoli i loaʻa mai i ka hua hua manu, soybean, a i ʻole kulina, ʻo ia kekahi mea hana emulsification maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka margarine.
3 Ma ka hana mua, ua hui pū ʻia ka wai, ka paʻakai, a me ka lecithin i loko o ka pahu hoʻokahi e kū pono ana i kahi pahu e paʻa ana i nā ʻaila a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila.Ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻomau, hānai ʻia nā mea i loko o nā pahu ʻelua i ka manawa i loko o kahi pahu kolu, i kapa ʻia ʻo ke keʻena emulsification.ʻOiai e hana ʻia ana ka hui ʻana, mālama nā mea ʻike a me nā mea hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono i ka wela o ka hui ʻana ma kahi o 100°F (38°C).
ʻO ka hoʻohaunaele
4 A laila, hoʻouna ʻia ka hui ʻana o ka margarine i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Votator, ka inoa inoa no ka mea hana maʻamau i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana ʻana o ka margarine US.He mea hana maʻamau ia i ka ʻoihana mai ka makahiki 1930.I loko o ka Votator, ua maalili ka emulsion margarine i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Chamber A. Ua māhele ʻia ʻo Chamber A i ʻekolu o nā paipu e hoʻemi ana i kona mahana.I loko o ʻelua mau minuke ua hiki ka hui ʻana i 45-50°F (7-10°C).A laila, puhi ʻia i loko o kahi lua i kapa ʻia ʻo Chamber B. Ma laila e hoʻonāukiuki ʻia i kekahi manawa akā waiho ʻia e noho mālie a hoʻokumu i kona kūlana semi-paʻa.Inā pono e hahau ʻia a i ʻole e hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ke kūpaʻa kūikawā, hana ʻia ka hoʻonāukiuki ma Chamber B.
Ka Mana Mana
ʻO ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka maikaʻi kahi mea e hopohopo nui ai i nā keʻena hana meaʻai hou.Hiki i nā mea hana maʻemaʻe a me nā ʻano hana ʻino ke alakaʻi i kahi maʻi bacterial nui e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka ʻōpū a hiki i ke ola o nā tausani o nā mea kūʻai aku i loko o kahi mau lā.ʻO ke aupuni US, ma lalo o ka hoʻomalu ʻana o ka 'Oihana Mahiai, mālama i nā code maʻemaʻe ʻoihana kūikawā no nā mea ʻai ʻaila hou a me nā mea kanu margarine.ʻO ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana no nā lako mālama maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole nā kūlana haumia e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻoihana.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka pata e nā mea nānā ʻo USDA ma ka ʻaila.Nānā lākou i kēlā me kēia pūʻulu, hoʻāʻo iā ia, ʻono, a hāʻawi i kahi helu iā ia.Hāʻawi lākou i ka nui o 45 mau helu no ka ʻono, 25 no ke kino a me ke ʻano, 15 mau helu no ke kala, 10 no ka paʻakai, a me 5 no ka ʻeke.No laila, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi pūʻulu pāpaʻi maikaʻi he 100 mau helu, akā ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi pūʻolo he 93. Ma 93, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pata a kapa ʻia ʻo Grade AA;ʻO kahi pūʻulu i loaʻa ka helu ma lalo o 90 ua manaʻo ʻia he haʻahaʻa.
ʻO nā alakaʻi no ka hana ʻana i ka margarine e ʻōlelo ʻia he 80% ka momona o ka margarine.Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia nā aila i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana mai nā ʻano holoholona a me nā kumu mea kanu akā pono nā mea āpau no ka ʻai kanaka.ʻO ka waiu, ka wai, a i ʻole ka wai protein e pili ana i ka soy.Pono e hoʻopili ʻia a loaʻa ma kahi o 15,000 mau ʻāpana o ka huaora A. Aia paha i loko o kahi pani paʻakai, nā mea ʻono, nā emulsifiers momona, nā preservatives, vitamina D, a me nā mea kala.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-17-2021