Hana ʻia ʻo Margarine

ʻO Margarine: He pāpala i hoʻohana ʻia no ka pālahalaha ʻana, ka kuke ʻana, a me ka kuke ʻana.Ua hana mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he pani no ka pata ma 1869 ma Farani e Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Hana ʻia ʻo Margarine me ka hydrogenated a i ʻole ka mea kanu aila a me ka wai.

ʻOiai ua hana ʻia ka pata mai ka momona mai ka waiū, ua hana ʻia ka margarine mai nā ʻaila mea kanu a loaʻa paha ka waiū.Ma kekahi mau wahi, kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "oleo", pōkole no ka oleomargarine.

ʻO Margarine, e like me ka pata, aia ka wai-i-momona emulsion, me nā kulu liʻiliʻi o ka wai i hoʻopuehu like ʻia i loko o kahi ʻāpana momona i loko o kahi ʻano crystalline paʻa.ʻO Margarine ka liʻiliʻi o ka momona o 80%, e like me ka pata, akā ʻaʻole like me ka pata i hoʻemi ʻia ka momona o ka margarine hiki ke kapa ʻia he margarine.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka margarine no ka laha ʻana a no ka kuke ʻana a me ka kuke ʻana.Hoʻohana maʻamau ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā huahana meaʻai ʻē aʻe, e like me nā pastries a me nā kuki, no kāna ʻano nui o nā hana.

ʻO ke ʻano kumu o ka hana ʻana i ka margarine i kēia lā, ʻo ia ka emulsifying i ka hui ʻana o nā aila meaʻai hydrogenated me ka waiū skimmed, e hoʻoluliluli i ka hui ʻana e paʻa a hana ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano.ʻO nā mea ʻai a me nā momona holoholona he pūhui like me nā helu heheʻe like ʻole.ʻO kēlā mau momona wai ma ka lumi wela ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia he ʻaila.Pili nā helu hoʻoheheʻe i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā paʻa pālua kalapona-kāpona i loko o nā mea momona momona.ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea paʻa pālua e hāʻawi i nā helu heheʻe haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ka hydrogenation hapa o ka ʻaila mea kanu maʻamau i kahi mea maʻamau o ka margarine.Hoʻopau ʻia ka hapa nui o nā paʻa pālua C=C i kēia kaʻina hana, kahi e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ai i ka helu heheʻe o ka huahana.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hoʻokahe ʻia nā ʻaila kūlohelohe ma ke kahe ʻana i ka hydrogen i loko o ka ʻaila i mua o kahi catalyst nickel, ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻomalu.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka hydrogen i nā mea paʻa unsaturated (alkenes double C=C bonds) ka hopena i nā mea paʻa CC saturated, e hoʻonui pono i ka helu heheʻe o ka ʻaila a no laila "hoʻopaʻa" ia.Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻali van der Waals ma waena o nā molekala saturated i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā molekole unsaturated.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai he mau pono olakino hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka nui o nā momona momona i loko o ka ʻai kanaka, mālama ʻia ke kaʻina hana i lawa wale nā ​​​​mea paʻa i hydrogenated e hāʻawi i ke ʻano i makemake ʻia.

ʻO nā margarines i hana ʻia ma kēia ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia he momona hydrogenated.Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana i kēia lā no kekahi mau margarines ʻoiai ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke kaʻina hana a i kekahi manawa hoʻohana ʻia nā catalysts metala e like me ka palladium.Inā ʻaʻole i piha ka hydrogenation (paʻakikī ʻāpana), ʻo nā wela kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hydrogenation e hoʻohuli i kekahi o nā mea paʻa kalapona-kāpona pālua i loko o ke ʻano "trans".Inā ʻaʻole i hydrogenated kēia mau mea paʻa i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, aia nō lākou i ka margarine hope loa i loko o nā molekala o nā momona trans, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i hōʻike ʻia he kumu pilikia no ka maʻi cardiovascular.No kēia kumu, hoʻohana liʻiliʻi ʻia nā momona paʻakikī i ka ʻoihana margarine.ʻO kekahi mau aila wela, e like me ka ʻaila pāma a me ka ʻaila niu, he semi solid maoli nō a ʻaʻole pono i ka hydrogenation.

Hiki ke hana ʻia ka margarine o kēia wā mai kekahi o nā ʻano momona holoholona a mea kanu paha, i hui pū ʻia me ka waiū skim, ka paʻakai, a me nā emulsifiers.ʻO ka momona o ka margarine a me ka lau ʻai i loaʻa ma ka mākeke hiki ke loaʻa mai ka 10 a 90% momona.Ma muli o kona momona momona hope loa a me kona kumu (ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ka kuke ʻana a i ʻole ka kuke ʻana), e ʻokoʻa iki ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai a me nā aila mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia.Paʻiʻia kaʻaila mai nāʻanoʻano a hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia.A laila hui pū ʻia me ka momona paʻa.Inā ʻaʻohe momona paʻa i hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻaila meaʻai, e hana ka hope i kahi kaʻina hydrogenation piha a ʻāpana paha e hoʻopaʻa ai iā lākou.

Hoʻohui ʻia ka hui ʻana me ka wai, citric acid, carotenoids, vitamina a me ka pauka waiū.ʻO nā emulsifiers e like me ka lecithin ke kōkua i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i ka pae wai i loko o ka ʻaila, a ua hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka paʻakai a me nā preservatives.Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia ʻaila a me ka wai emulsion, hoʻohui ʻia, a hoʻomaha.Hana ʻia nā margarine pā palupalu me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hydrogenated, ʻoi aku ka wai, nā aila ma mua o ka margarine block.

ʻEkolu ʻano o ka margarine maʻamau:
Laha ʻia ka momona momona momona, kiʻekiʻe i nā momona mono- a i ʻole polyunsaturated, i hana ʻia mai ka safflower, sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, a i ʻole ʻaila ʻoliva.
ʻO Margarine i loko o ka'ōmole e kuke ai i nā kīʻaha luna
ʻO ka margarine paʻakikī, ʻaʻole kala ʻole no ka kuke ʻana a i ʻole ka kuke ʻana.
Ka hui ʻana me ka pata.
ʻO ka nui o nā pākaukau kaulana i kūʻai ʻia i kēia lā he hui ʻana o ka margarine a me ka pata a i ʻole nā ​​huahana waiū ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka hui ʻana, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻono o ka margarine, ua lōʻihi ke kānāwai i nā ʻāina e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Australia.Ma lalo o nā kuhikuhi o ka European Union, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia kahi huahana margarine "butter", ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea he pata maoli.Ma kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka papa ʻaina i ka pata a kūʻai ʻia nā huahana margarine ma ke ʻano he "hui ʻana i ka pata".
ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka pata i kēia manawa he hapa nui o ka mākeke pālahalaha papaʻaina.ʻO ka brand "ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole ia he Butter!"Ua hoʻopuka ʻo ia i nā pālahalaha like ʻole i hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma nā hale kūʻai kūʻai ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me nā inoa e like me "Beautifully Butterfully", "Butterlicious", "Utterly Butterly", a me "You'd Butter Believe It".ʻAʻole kēia mau hui ʻana i ka pāpaʻi i ka palena o ka lepili ʻana, me nā ʻenehana kūʻai aku e hōʻike ana i kahi like ikaika me ka pata maoli.Hōʻike ʻokoʻa kēlā mau inoa kūʻai aku i ka huahana i nā mea kūʻai aku mai nā lepili huahana i makemake ʻia e kapa ʻia ka margarine "ʻaila ʻaila ʻaila hapa hydrogenated".

Mea ai
Kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka waiwai waiwai o ka margarines a me ka laha i ʻelua ʻaoʻao - ka nui o ka momona, a me nā ʻano momona (momona momona, momona trans).ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma waena o ka margarine a me ka pata i loko o kēia pōʻaiapili.

Ka nui o ka momona.
Ua like nā kuleana o ka pata a me ka margarine kuʻuna (80% momona) i ko lākou ʻike ikehu, akā ʻike nui ʻia nā margarine haʻahaʻa momona a me nā pālahalaha.

momona momona.
ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻakika momona momona i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka cholesterol koko.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā momona saturated a trans unsaturated me unhydrogenated monounsaturated a polyunsaturated fats i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi puʻuwai coronary i nā wahine ma mua o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka momona holoʻokoʻa.E ʻike i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ka momona momona a me ka maʻi cardiovascular.
Hiki ke loaʻa i nā momona meaʻai kekahi mea ma waena o 7% a me 86% saturated fatty acids.ʻO nā aila wai (ʻaila canola, ʻaila sunflower) aia ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻo nā aila ʻāwīwī (ʻaila niu, ʻaila pāma) a me nā aila paʻakikī loa (hydrogenated) aia ma ka hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka unahi.ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka margarine kahi hui ʻana o nā ʻano mea ʻelua.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka momona momona o ka margarine paʻa.
He 10% a i ka 20% o ka momona momona ka margarine ma'amau.Loaʻa i ka 52 a 65% nā momona momona maʻamau.

Ka momona ʻole.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻakika momona unsaturated e hoʻemi i nā pae kolamu LDL a hoʻonui i nā kiʻekiʻe o ka cholesterol HDL i loko o ke koko, pēlā e hōʻemi ai i ka hopena o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi cardiovascular.
ʻElua ʻano o ka aila unsaturated: mono- a me poly-unsaturated fats ua ʻike ʻia ia mau mea ʻelua he pono no ke olakino ma mua o nā momona momona.ʻO kekahi mau ʻaila mea kanu i ulu nui ʻia, e like me ka rapeseed (a me kāna canola ʻano like ʻole), ka sunflower, safflower, a me nā ʻaila ʻoliva he nui nā momona unsaturated.I ka wā o ka hana ʻana i ka margarine, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kekahi o nā momona unsaturated i loko o nā momona hydrogenated a i ʻole nā ​​momona trans i mea e hāʻawi ai iā lākou i kahi helu hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe a paʻa lākou i nā mahana wela.
ʻO ka Omega-3 fatty acids kahi ʻohana o nā ʻakika momona polyunsaturated, i ʻike ʻia he maikaʻi loa no ke olakino.ʻO kēia kekahi o nā ʻakika momona ʻelua, i kapa ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i ke kanaka ke hana a pono e loaʻa mai ka meaʻai.Loaʻa ka nui o nā ʻakika momona Omega-3 mai nā iʻa ʻaila i hopu ʻia ma nā wai latitu kiʻekiʻe.He mea maʻamau lākou i nā kumu mea kanu, me ka margarine.
Eia naʻe, hiki ke loaʻa kekahi ʻano o ka Omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) i loko o kekahi mau aila meaʻai.Loaʻa i ka ʻaila flax -to-% o ALA, a ke lilo nei i mea hoʻohui meaʻai kaulana i nā aila iʻa hoʻokūkū;Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia lāua ʻelua i nā margarine premium.ʻO ka mea kanu aila kahiko, ʻo camelina sativa, ua kaulana i kēia manawa ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe Omega-3 maʻiʻo (- to-%), a ua hoʻohui ʻia i kekahi mau margarines.Aia ka aila Hemp ma kahi o -% ALA.Loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi o ka ALA i loko o nā aila mea kanu e like me ka aila soybean (-%), ka aila rapeseed (-%) a me ka ʻaila hua palaoa (-%).
ʻO ka Omega-6 fatty acids.
He mea nui ka Omega-6 fatty acids no ke olakino.Loaʻa iā lākou ka momona momona linoleic acid (LA), ka mea nui i loko o nā aila meaʻai i ulu ʻia ma nā piʻi wela.ʻO kekahi, e like me ka hemp (-%) a me ka aila margarine maʻamau ʻo kānana (-%), pulupulu (-%) a me ka sunflower (-%), he nui ka nui, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻanoʻano aila maʻamau ma luna o -% LA.He kiʻekiʻe loa ka margarine i nā ʻakika momona omega-6.He kiʻekiʻe pinepine nā meaʻai o Western Western i ka Omega-6 akā nele loa i ka Omega-3.ʻO ka omega-6 i ka omega- ratio maʻamau - i -.ʻO ka nui o ka omega-6 e hoʻemi i ka hopena o omega-3.No laila ua ʻōlelo ʻia e emi ka ratio o ka meaʻai ma mua o 4: 1, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ratio kokoke i 1:1.

ʻO ka momona o Tran.
ʻAʻole like me nā momona meaʻai ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole pono nā ʻakika trans fatty a hāʻawi ʻole i ka pono i ʻike ʻia i ke olakino kanaka.Aia ka laina laina maikaʻi ma waena o ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻakika trans fatty a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka kolamu LDL, a no laila ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pilikia o ka maʻi puʻuwai coronary, ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pae o ka cholesterol LDL a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pae o ka cholesterol HDL.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi nui i kahi loulou ma waena o ka ʻai ʻana i ka momona trans a me ka maʻi puʻuwai coronary, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe paha, e koi ana i kekahi mau keʻena olakino aupuni a puni ka honua e ʻōlelo e hoʻemi ʻia ka lawe ʻana i nā trans-fats.
I ka US, ua maʻamau ka hydrogenation hapa ma muli o ka makemake i nā aila i hana ʻia ma ka home.Eia naʻe, mai ka waena o 1990s, ua hoʻomaka nā ʻāina he nui a puni ka honua e neʻe mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā aila hydrogenated hapa.Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano margarine hou i loaʻa ka momona liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka momona o Tran.
ʻO Cholesterol.
ʻO ka cholesterol kiʻekiʻe ka pilikia no ke olakino no ka mea e pani mālie nā waihona momona i nā aʻa.ʻO kēia ka mea e emi ai ka maikaʻi o ke kahe o ke koko i ka lolo, naʻau, nā puʻupaʻa a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ke kino.ʻO Cholesterol, ʻoiai e pono ai ka metabolically, ʻaʻole pono ia i ka meaʻai.Hana ke kino o ke kanaka i ka cholesterol i loko o ke ake, hoʻololi i ka hana e like me kāna ʻai ʻana, e hana ana ma kahi o 1g o ka cholesterol i kēlā me kēia lā a i ʻole 80% o ka nui o ka cholesterol kino.ʻO ke koena 20% hele pololei mai ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai.
No laila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻai ʻana o ka cholesterol ma ke ʻano he meaʻai i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka cholesterol koko ma mua o ke ʻano momona i ʻai ʻia.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kekahi poʻe i ka cholesterol meaʻai ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe.Ua ʻōlelo ka US Food and Drug Administration ʻaʻole pono e ʻai nā kānaka olakino ma mua o 300 mg o ka cholesterol i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā margarines he mea kanu a no laila ʻaʻohe cholesterol.Loaʻa i ka 100 grams o ka pata he 178 mg o ka cholesterol.
Kanu sterol esters a me stanol esters
Ua hoʻohui ʻia nā esters sterol mea kanu a i ʻole nā ​​mea kanu stanol esters i kekahi mau margarines a pālahalaha ʻia ma muli o ko lākou hopena hoʻohaʻahaʻa cholesterol.Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana ma kahi o 2 grams i kēlā me kēia lā e hāʻawi i kahi hōʻemi o ka LDL cholesterol ma kahi o 10%.
Makeke ʻae
ʻO Margarine, ʻoi aku ka polyunsaturated margarine, ua lilo i ʻāpana nui o ka ʻai o ke Komohana a ua loaʻa i ka pata i kaulana i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20. pata i hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 paona (0.91 kg) o ka margarine.Ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, ua ʻai kekahi ʻAmelika ma kahi o 5 lb (2.3 kg) o ka pata a kokoke i 8 lb (3.6 kg) o ka margarine.
He waiwai kūʻai ko Margarine i ka poʻe e mālama i nā kānāwai meaʻai Iudaio o Kashrut.Ua pāpā ʻo Kashrut i ka hui ʻana o ka ʻiʻo a me nā huahana waiu;No laila, loaʻa nā margarines non-dairy Kosher.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau mea e ka mea kūʻai Kosher e hoʻololi i nā meaʻai e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻiʻo a me ka pata a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea i kālua ʻia e lawelawe ʻia me nā meaʻai ʻai.ʻO ka 2008 Passover margarine shortage ma ʻAmelika ka mea i hopohopo nui i loko o ke kaiāulu Kosher-observant.
ʻO Margarine ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā huahana waiu hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi vegan pani no ka pata.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻaila meaʻai Hydrogenated i ka margarine palupalu.
ʻO ka aila meaʻai Hydrogenated e pale i ka margarine mai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka lumi wela.
Hana ʻia ka hapa nui o ka margarine ma ka hana ʻana i ka emulsion o ka waiū a me ka ʻaila ʻaila.ʻO ka margarine mua i hana maoli ʻia i ka momona pipi.ʻO wau, no ka mea, hauʻoli lākou i hoʻololi i ka meaʻai.Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike hou aku ma:
Hana ʻia ʻo Margarine me nā aila ʻai i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu momona a me ka waiū skim.ʻO kēia mau ʻaila ʻaila he kulina, pulu pulupulu, soybeans, a me nā hua safflower.No ka hana ʻana i ka margarine mai ka ʻaila meaʻai, e hoʻomaka me ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻaila mai nā hua e like me: kānana, canola a i ʻole safflower.Hoʻomohu ʻia ka ʻaila e luku i nā antioxidants a me nā huaora.
No ka hana ʻana i ka margarine mai ka ʻaila meaʻai, e hoʻomaka me ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻaila mai nā hua e like me: kānana, canola a i ʻole safflower.Hoʻomohu ʻia ka ʻaila e luku i nā antioxidants a me nā huaora.A laila, hui ʻia ka ʻaila me kahi mea ʻawaʻawa loa i kapa ʻia ʻo nickel, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he catalyst.A laila e hoʻokomo ʻoe i ka ʻaila i loko o kahi reactor, ma lalo o nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa a me ke kaomi ma o kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia ʻo emulsification hydrogenation.Hoʻohui ʻia nā emulsifiers i ka ʻaila i mea e wehe ai i nā puʻupuʻu a e puhi hou ʻia ka ʻaila.Hana ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i mea e loaʻa ai ke kala hina a hoʻohui ʻia nā huaora synthetic a me nā waihoʻoluʻu artificial.
Hana ʻia nā ʻaila meaʻai a i ʻole ke anu e like me ka ʻoliva a me ka sesame, a ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia lākou.ʻO nā ʻaila i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia me ka safflower a i ʻole ka canola.
Aia nā ʻano ʻaila like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka meaʻai a me nā meaʻai.Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻaila meaʻai e like me ko lākou kumu, a me ka mahana kuke.
No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ke ʻano kumu a i ʻole pehea e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka Margarine/Butter contacts me ka moʻokāki o kā mākou hui.