Margarine: He alahahoʻohana ʻia no ka pālahalaha ʻana, ka kuke ʻana, a me ka kuke ʻana.Ua hana mua ia ma ke ano he pani nopatai ka makahiki 1869 ma Palani na Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarineua hana nui ia me ka aila a me ka wai mea kanu hydrogenated a i hooheheeia.
ʻOiaipatahana ʻia mai ka momona mai ka waiū,margarinehana ʻia mai ka ʻaila mea kanu a loaʻa paha ka waiū.Ma kekahi mau wahi, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "oleo", pōkole no ka oleomargarine.
ʻO Margarine, likepata, i loko o ka wai-i-momona emulsion, me nā kulu liʻiliʻi o ka wai i hoʻopuehu like ʻia i loko o kahi momona i loko o kahi ʻano crystalline paʻa.ʻO Margarine ka liʻiliʻi o ka momona o 80%, e like me ka pata, akā ʻaʻole like me ka pata i hoʻemi ʻia ka momona o ka margarine hiki ke kapa ʻia he margarine.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka margarine no ka laha ʻana a no ka kuke ʻana a me ka kuke ʻana.Hoʻohana maʻamau ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā huahana meaʻai ʻē aʻe, e like me nā pastries a me nā kuki, no kāna ʻano nui o nā hana.
ʻO ke ʻano kumu oka hana ʻana i ka margarineʻO kēia lā ka emulsifying i kahi hui ʻana o nā aila ʻaila hydrogenated me ka waiū skimmed, e hoʻoluliluli i ka hui ʻana e paʻa a hana ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano.ʻO nā mea ʻai a me nā momona holoholona he pūhui like me nā helu heheʻe like ʻole.ʻO kēlā mau momona wai ma ka lumi wela ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia he ʻaila.Pili nā helu hoʻoheheʻe i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā paʻa pālua kalapona-kāpona i loko o nā mea momona momona.ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea paʻa pālua e hāʻawi i nā helu heheʻe haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ka hydrogenation hapa o ka ʻaila mea kanu maʻamau i kahi mea maʻamau o ka margarine.Hoʻopau ʻia ka hapa nui o nā paʻa pālua C=C i kēia kaʻina hana, kahi e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ai i ka helu heheʻe o ka huahana.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hoʻokahe ʻia nā ʻaila kūlohelohe ma ke kahe ʻana i ka hydrogen i loko o ka ʻaila i mua o kahi catalyst nickel, ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻomalu.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka hydrogen i nā mea paʻa unsaturated (alkenes double C=C bonds) ka hopena i nā mea paʻa CC saturated, e hoʻonui pono i ka helu heheʻe o ka ʻaila a no laila "hoʻopaʻa" ia.Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻali van der Waals ma waena o nā molekala saturated i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā molekole unsaturated.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai he mau pono olakino hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka nui o nā momona momona i loko o ka ʻai kanaka, mālama ʻia ke kaʻina hana i lawa wale nā mea paʻa i hydrogenated e hāʻawi i ke ʻano i makemake ʻia.
ʻO nā margarines i hana ʻia ma kēia ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia he momona hydrogenated.Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana i kēia lā no kekahi mau margarines ʻoiai ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke kaʻina hana a i kekahi manawa hoʻohana ʻia nā catalysts metala e like me ka palladium.Inā ʻaʻole i piha ka hydrogenation (paʻakikī ʻāpana), ʻo nā wela kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hydrogenation e hoʻohuli i kekahi o nā mea paʻa kalapona kalapona i loko o ke ʻano "trans".Inā ʻaʻole i hydrogenated kēia mau mea paʻa i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, aia nō lākou i ka margarine hope loa i loko o nā molekala o nā momona trans, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i hōʻike ʻia he kumu pilikia no ka maʻi cardiovascular.No kēia kumu, hoʻohana liʻiliʻi ʻia nā momona paʻakikī i ka ʻoihana margarine.ʻO kekahi mau aila wela, e like me ka ʻaila pāma a me ka ʻaila niu, he semi solid maoli nō a ʻaʻole pono i ka hydrogenation.
Hiki ke hana ʻia ka margarine o kēia wā mai kekahi o nā ʻano momona holoholona a mea kanu paha, i hui pū ʻia me ka waiū skim, ka paʻakai, a me nā emulsifiers.ʻO Margarine a me ka momona momonalahaloaʻa ma ka mākeke hiki ke loaʻa mai 10 a 90% momona.Ma muli o kona momona momona hope loa a me kona kumu (ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ka kuke ʻana a i ʻole ka kuke ʻana), e ʻokoʻa iki ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai a me nā aila mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia.Paʻiʻia kaʻaila mai nāʻanoʻano a hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia.A laila hui pū ʻia me ka momona paʻa.Inā ʻaʻohe momona paʻa i hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻaila meaʻai, e hana ka hope i kahi kaʻina hydrogenation piha a ʻāpana paha e hoʻopaʻa ai iā lākou.
Hoʻohui ʻia ka hui ʻana me ka wai, citric acid, carotenoids, vitamina a me ka pauka waiū.ʻO nā emulsifiers e like me ka lecithin ke kōkua i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i ka pae wai i loko o ka ʻaila, a ua hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka paʻakai a me nā preservatives.Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia ʻaila a me ka wai emulsion, hoʻohui ʻia, a hoʻomaha.Hana ʻia nā margarine pā palupalu me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hydrogenated, ʻoi aku ka wai, nā aila ma mua o ka margarine block.
ʻEkolu ʻano o ka margarine maʻamau:
ʻO ka momona momona momonalaha, kiʻekiʻe i nā momona mono a polyunsaturated, i hana ʻia mai ka safflower, sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, a i ʻole ʻaila ʻoliva.
ʻO Margarine i loko o ka'ōmole e kuke ai i nā kīʻaha luna
ʻO ka margarine paʻakikī, ʻaʻole kala ʻole no ka kuke ʻana a i ʻole ka kuke ʻana.
Ka hui ʻana me ka pata.
ʻO ka nui o nā pākaukau kaulana i kūʻai ʻia i kēia lā he hui ʻana o ka margarine a me ka pata a i ʻole nā huahana waiū ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka hui ʻana, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻono o ka margarine, ua lōʻihi ke kānāwai i nā ʻāina e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Australia.Ma lalo o nā kuhikuhi a European Union, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia kahi huahana margarine "butter", ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea he pata maoli.Ma kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka papaʻaina i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka pata a kūʻai ʻia nā huahana margarine ma ke ʻano he "hui pāpaʻi".
ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka pata i kēia manawa he hapa nui o ka mākeke pālahalaha papaʻaina.ʻO ka brand "ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole ia he Butter!"Ua hoʻopuka ʻo ia i nā ʻano pālahalaha like ʻole i loaʻa i kēia manawa ma nā hale kūʻai kūʻai ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me nā inoa e like me "Beautifully Butterfully", "Butterlicious", "Utterly Butterly", a me "You'd Butter Believe It".ʻAʻole kēia mau hui ʻana i ka pāpaʻi i ka palena o ka lepili ʻana, me nā ʻenehana kūʻai aku e hōʻike ana i kahi like ikaika me ka pata maoli.ʻO ia mau inoa kūʻai kūʻai e hōʻike i ka huahana i nā mea kūʻai aku ma kahi ʻokoʻa mai nā lepili huahana i makemake ʻia e kapa ʻia ka margarine "ʻaila ʻaila ʻaila hapa hydrogenated".
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-04-2021